what does mean with spectrum and submerin data Cable for telecommunications

Spectrum and submarine data cables are critical components of telecommunications infrastructure.

## Spectrum in Telecommunications

**Spectrum** refers to the range of electromagnetic frequencies used for transmitting data wirelessly. It is divided into various bands, each designated for specific types of communication, such as mobile networks (2G, 4G, 5G) and broadcasting services. The spectrum is a finite resource managed by regulatory bodies like the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the U.S., which licenses specific frequency bands to prevent interference between users[1][3][7].

Different frequency bands have unique characteristics:

- **Low Bands (400 MHz - 1 GHz)**: Better for long-range communication but limited data capacity.

- **Mid Bands (1 - 7 GHz)**: Balanced range for speed and coverage.

- **High Bands (24 - 66 GHz)**: Higher data rates but shorter range and poorer penetration through obstacles[3].

## Submarine Data Cables

**Submarine communications cables** are laid on the seabed to connect land-based stations across oceans. They carry about **99% of international data traffic**, including internet, military, and financial communications. These cables utilize fiber-optic technology, allowing them to transmit vast amounts of data—often exceeding **200 terabits per second**[2][8].

Key components of submarine cables include:

- **Wet Plant**: Underwater elements like the cable itself, branching units, and repeaters.

- **Dry Plant**: Land-based segments that connect the underwater cable to terrestrial networks[6].

Submarine cables are essential for global connectivity, especially as demand for bandwidth continues to rise with advancements in technologies like 5G and IoT[2][6].

Citations:

[1] What is Spectrum in Wireless Communication? | Syniverse https://www.syniverse.com/blog/connectivity/spectrum-wireless-communication/

[2] Submarine communications cable - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable

[3] Decoding spectrum: How frequency bands work in telecoms https://www.telecoms.com/spectrum/decoding-spectrum-how-frequency-bands-work-in-telecoms

[4] What is spectrum sharing? - Ciena https://www.ciena.com/insights/what-is/What-Is-Spectrum-Sharing.html

[5] What is spectrum? - ACMA https://www.acma.gov.au/what-spectrum

[6] Submarine Cable Networks | VIAVI Solutions Inc. https://www.viavisolutions.com/en-us/solutions/submarine-cable-networks

[7] What is Spectrum? A Brief Explainer - CTIA https://www.ctia.org/news/what-is-spectrum-a-brief-explainer

[8] [PDF] Submarine Cables: Critical Infrastructure for Global Communications https://www2.itif.org/2019-submarine-cables.pdf

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